COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF BRAIN AGING: DISEASE RISKS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Abstract

This review explores brain aging as a dynamic, progressive process influenced by social, emotional, environmental, and biological factors. Structural and functional changes—such as cortical thinning, synaptic dysfunction, hormone shifts, circadian disruption, and neuroinflammation—contribute to cognitive decline and increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s, and ALS. Shared pathophysiological mechanisms include proteinopathies, mitochondrial failure, and oxidative stress, with mitochondrial dysfunction emerging as a key factor linking neurodegeneration and epilepsy in older adults. Lifelong neurocognitive health is shaped by sex-specific hormonal changes and developmental factors. Advances in biomarkers, AI, and neuroimaging offer promise for early diagnosis and personalized treatments. The review advocates for strategies emphasizing early intervention, circadian rhythm management, sex-specific research, integrated care, and investment in novel neuroprotective therapies to enhance cognitive longevity and quality of life.